Are leaders held accountable for economic outcomes? This book marshals new data to evaluate whether the economy’s effect is changing over time. Using data from the Executive Approval Project, authors provide in-depth analyses of how leader popularity responds to economic outcomes in 11 advanced industrialized countries and how these relationships are changing over time. Then the concluding chapter by the editors builds on those insights and uses data from 20 countries to show that the relationship between economics and leader approval is weakening as parties deemphasize economic issues to focus on social ones and become increasingly polarized on non-economic issues. Together the essays show how accountability is being reshaped as party-competition traditions away from traditional divides over class and redistribution.